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SPF, DKIM AND DMARC

The Definitive Guide

8 chapters Last updated 21 September 2026 Free to read, no account

Email authentication is three separate mechanisms that people treat as one setting, deployed in an order that matters enormously and is almost never explained.

Get the order wrong and you do not see errors. You see silence, because modern mail rejection is deliberately quiet, and silence looks exactly like customers not replying.

This guide covers what each mechanism actually does, the sequence that avoids blocking your own invoices, and how to tell whether any of it is working.

In this guide you will learn:

  • What SPF, DKIM and DMARC each do, and why one is not enough
  • The deployment order that prevents you rejecting your own mail
  • Why the SPF lookup limit breaks records that look correct
  • How to read a DMARC report without a paid tool
  • Why testing your own email proves nothing
  • What to do when mail stops arriving and nothing is logged

Contents

1

Why email needs authenticating at all

SMTP trusts the sender. Everything here exists because of that.

2

SPF, properly

What it declares, the ten-lookup limit, and how a correct record fails.

3

DKIM, properly

Signing, selectors, key rotation, and why forwarding does not break it.

4

DMARC, properly

Alignment, policy, and the instruction that makes the other two matter.

5

The deployment order

Monitor, read, authorise, tighten. Doing it in any other order blocks your own mail.

6

Reading the reports

What the XML says, which senders are failing, and what to do about each.

7

When it breaks

The failure with no error message, and how to diagnose it from outside.

8

Keeping it working

Key rotation, new tools, and what changes underneath you.

Chapter 1

Why email needs authenticating at all

SMTP trusts the sender. Everything here exists because of that.

Why email needs authenticating at all

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Chapter 2

SPF, properly

What it declares, the ten-lookup limit, and how a correct record fails.

SPF, properly

This chapter is not written yet. Drop the prose into guide-bodies/<body>.html and rebuild.

Chapter 3

DKIM, properly

Signing, selectors, key rotation, and why forwarding does not break it.

DKIM, properly

This chapter is not written yet. Drop the prose into guide-bodies/<body>.html and rebuild.

Chapter 4

DMARC, properly

Alignment, policy, and the instruction that makes the other two matter.

DMARC, properly

This chapter is not written yet. Drop the prose into guide-bodies/<body>.html and rebuild.

Chapter 5

The deployment order

Monitor, read, authorise, tighten. Doing it in any other order blocks your own mail.

The deployment order

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Chapter 6

Reading the reports

What the XML says, which senders are failing, and what to do about each.

Reading the reports

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Chapter 7

When it breaks

The failure with no error message, and how to diagnose it from outside.

When it breaks

This chapter is not written yet. Drop the prose into guide-bodies/<body>.html and rebuild.

Chapter 8

Keeping it working

Key rotation, new tools, and what changes underneath you.

Keeping it working

This chapter is not written yet. Drop the prose into guide-bodies/<body>.html and rebuild.

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